Israel
- Hebrew kingdom
- Featured the city of Jerusalem
- Practiced the religion of Judaism
Egypt
- Ruled by a Pharaoh
- Ruled as a theocracy, a mix of political and religious rule
Kush
- Kingdom to the South of Egypt
- Fought wars with and traded with Egypt at various times
Axum
- Kingdom in eastern Africa around the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River.
- Became a great market in northeastern Africa.
- Merchants from Axum traded with civilizations beyond the Nile River.
- Became a Christian kingdom
- Became politically and economically linked to Roman Egypt.
Zimbabwe
- Located between the Zambezi River, the Limpopo River, and the coast of the Indian Ocean.
- The Indian Ocean was used for trade routes to connect Zimbabwe with Asia.
England
- Blended Anglo-Saxon and Norman cultures
- Important rulers:
- William the Conqueror
- John
- Henry II
France
- The French throne was established in Paris by Hugh Capet
- Important ruler:
- Hugh Capet
Spain
- United under Christian rule after the Reconquista
- Important rulers:
- Ferdinand II
- Isabella
- Charles V
Hungary
- Established by the Magyars when they settled after nomadic roaming across Eastern Europe
- Important rulers:
- Árpád
- Stephen I